Grammatische Hierarchien in der Sprache von Menschen mit Aphasie

Das übergeordnete Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertationsschrift kann mit zwei Fragestellungen beschrieben werden: Einerseits ging es darum, mithilfe von sprachpathologischen, genauer genommen aphasischen Sprachdaten, die Existenz und den Aufbau von grammatischen Hierarchien in der Sprache - in diesem Fall der Hierarchie von verbalen grammatischen Kategorien - zu veranschaulichen und genügend Evidenz für ihr Vorhandensein zu sammeln. Andererseits ging es aber auch darum, basierend auf den ATMM-hierarchischen Erkenntnissen ein sogenanntes diagnostisches Instrumentarium für Sprachtherapeuten zu erstellen, welches als Werkzeug zur richtigen Beschreibung von aphasischen Störungsgraden ohne festgelegte Testverfahren eingesetzt werden kann. Für die erste Fragestellung sind aphasische Sprachdaten (Broca-Aphasie) insofern nützlich, dass die Reihenfolge des sprachlichen Abbaus bei einer vorliegenden Aphasie des Broca-Typs der Reihenfolge des hierarchischen Aufbaus der sprachlichen Hierarchien generell und der ATMMHierarchie im Spezifischen in umgekehrter Reihenfolge entspricht. Grundsätzlich gilt, dass sich sprachpathologische Sprachdaten besonders gut als Quelle für die Untersuchung von sprachlichen Abläufen und insbesondere von hierarchischen Prozessen sowie vom Aufbau sprachlicher Komplexitätsgefüge eignen, da man erst bei ihrer nicht mehr vollständigen Funktionsfähigkeit am besten erkennen und erklären kann, wie diese Prozesse zu funktionieren scheinen. Für die zweite Fragestellung sind wiederum die Erkenntnisse zum hierarchischen Aufbau der ATMM-Hierarchie besonders aussagekräftig, da sie eine wichtige Grundlage für die Analyse des aphasischen Sprachoutputs ausschließlich mit Mitteln der theoretischen Linguistik bereitstellen. Der Einsatz des linguistischen Wissens zur Beurteilung eines vorliegenden aphasischen Sprachoutputs und zu der damit verbundenen möglichen Optimierung der Therapieplanung und -einstellung ist ein wertvoller Mechanismus, der zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt kaum Anwendung und Verbreitung in sprachtherapeutischen Kreisen findet

Effects of emotional study context on immediate and delayed recognition memory: Evidence from event-related potentials

Whilst research has largely focused on the recognition of emotional items, emotion may be a more subtle part of our surroundings and conveyed by context rather than by items. Using ERPs, we investigated which effects an arousing context during encoding may have for item-context binding and subsequent familiarity-based and recollection-based item-memory. It has been suggested that arousal could facilitate item-context bindings and by this enhance the contribution of recollection to subsequent memory judgements. Alternatively, arousal could shift attention onto central features of a scene and by this foster unitisation during encoding. This could boost the contribution of familiarity to remembering. Participants learnt neutral objects paired with ecologically highly valid emotional faces whose names later served as neutral cues during an immediate and delayed test phase. Participants identified objects faster when they had originally been studied together with emotional context faces. Items with both neutral and emotional context elicited an early frontal ERP old/new difference (200-400 ms). Neither the neurophysiological correlate for familiarity nor recollection were specific to emotionality. For the ERP correlate of recollection, we found an interaction between stimulus type and day, suggesting that this measure decreased to a larger extend on Day 2 compared with Day 1. However, we did not find direct evidence for delayed forgetting of items encoded in emotional contexts at Day 2. Emotion at encoding might make retrieval of items with emotional context more readily accessible, but we found no significant evidence that emotional context either facilitated familiarity-based or recollection-based item-memory after a delay of 24 h

Modernisme Catalá

Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts machten sich in ganz Europa Moderni-sierungsprozesse bemerkbar, die nicht nur in der Politik, sondern vor allem in der Kunst populären Ausdruck fanden. Alte Stadtmau-ern wurden geschliffen und neue Städte wurden nach ästhetischen Maßstäben entworfen. Erweiterungen nach strategischen, aber auch künstlerischen Merkmalen wurden vorgenommen und sollten eine Nation und ihre Bevölkerung repräsentieren. Auch in Barcelona wurde eine Stadterweiterung vorgenommen, die den Katalanen als Identitätsmerkmal dienen sollte. Es trafen Tradition und Moderne, Akademie und Avantgarde, konservative und progressive Tendenzen aufeinander. Diese Dualismen führten gemeinsam mit einem starken katalanischen Nationalismus zu einer unkonventionellen Form von Kunst. Eine Kunst, die mit der klassischen Architekturlehre brach, neuartige Formen hervorbrachte und ungewöhnliche Materialien verwendete. Eine Kunst, die funktional und verständlich, aber zugleich außergewöhnlich ästhetisch sein und ein möglichst breites Publikum ansprechen wollte. Eine Kunst, die vom Bürgertum finanziert und getragen wurde und den Anspruch stellte, eine nationale Kunst zu sein. Die Kunst des Modernisme, die von Antoni Gaudí, Lluís Domènech i Montaner oder Josep Puig i Cadafalch ge-prägt wurde, sollte all das sein und die Ideale einer ganzen Nation, ihre Traditionen und Charakteristika darstellen. Gebäude wie das Herrenhaus Casa Amatller, das Gesamtkunstwerk des Palau de la Música Catalana oder der öffentlich zugängliche Parque Güell be-geisterten die Bevölkerung und boten ihr eine gemeinsame Identifikationsbasis. Dieser typisch katalanische Stil konnte zwar andere europäische Einflüsse nicht leugnen, fand aber dennoch keine vergleichbare Nachahmung. Die Kunst sollte der katalanischen Hauptstadt ein persönliches und künstlerisches Profil geben und eine Nation repräsentieren, die jahrhundertelang für ihre autonomen Rechte eintrat, Repressionen und Erfolge erlebte und heute noch um ihre Anerkennung als Nation kämpft.Toward the end of the 19th century, Europe went through a period of modernization which not only affected politics, but also art, and in particular, its influence on society. Old city walls were demo-lished and new cities were designed in a more aesthetic fashion. Urban expansion combined strategic and artistic elements to represent nation and society. Urban growth was prominent in Catalonia as well; an obvious connection between Barcelona and its people can be seen during this period. Traditional and modern, academic and avant-garde, conservative and progressive; trends collided. These dualisms, together with a strong Catalan nationalism, led to an unconventional style of art. An art, which broke rules of the classical architectural school, developing new forms, using atypical materials. This art was now functional and understandable, exceptionally aesthetic, and all the while, addressed the masses. Financed and executed by the bourgeoisie, art demanded a national element to its style. Modernisme, shaped by Antoni Gaudí, Lluís Domènech i Montaner or Josep Puig i Cadafalch, demonstrated the ideals, the traditions and the characteristics of a nation. Buildings like the Casa Amatller, the entire Palau de la Música Catalana construction or the publicly accessible Parque Güell inspired the folk and presented a common foundation by which they were able to relate. While influence of other European art could not have been denied, the style was typical Catalan and did not find any comparable imitation. Mod-ernisme gave the Catalan capital an artistic and personal shape. It represented a nation which had valued its autonomy centuries long, experienced oppression and achievements and still fights today for its declaration as a nation

Can we release the brake on the career re-entry of mothers? A UK perspective

While there are many reasons for career inequalities between men and women, becoming a mother is one of the most important life events affecting the career paths of women. In particular, decisions on whether, when and how mothers return to work have a significant influence on their later career development. Therefore, in this article, we review the literature regarding challenges and determinants of mothers’ return to work after a child-related career break. Subsequently, we compare the context of returning mothers in the UK and India and present the legal, infrastructural and cultural specificities of both countries to better understand the influence of context on decision making of mothers. Building on this, we turn toward mechanisms to reduce barriers of re-entry and provide recommendations how to support the transition of mothers back to work

Does what happens abroad stay abroad? Displaced aggression and emotional regulation in expatriate psychological contracts

The effects of psychological contract violation are the subject of considerable research. Yet, their effects in work arrangements with more than two parties are largely unknown. Multi‐party work arrangements differ from traditional ones because individuals may be vulnerable to psychological contract breach and violation by more than one party, potentially directing negative emotional responses not only towards the responsible party but also displacing it to the other (innocent) party. Primary data from a two‐wave survey of 221 current expatriates is used to test the effects of displaced aggression and emotion regulation in multi‐party psychological contracts. We find that the negative emotions (violation experiences) associated with breach predict reduced commitment both to the perpetrating organization and the innocent party. However, this spillover effect is asymmetric and follows displaced aggregation theory: Expatriates displace their aggressive behaviour on to the host when the home organization violated the psychological contract, not the reverse

When Foreign Waves Hit Home Shores: Organizational Identification in Psychological Contract Breach‐Violation Relationships During International Assignments

In the context of international assignments, this study investigates the psychological contract breach-violation relationship from a multi-party employment perspective. Multi-party employment refers to arrangements where employees have concurrent psychological contracts with more than one party. Drawing on two-waves of survey data from 221 expatriates, we find both direct relationships and asymmetric spillover effects of psychological contract breach on violation. Psychological contract breach by either the home or host organization is directly linked to psychological contract violation by the breaching party. Additionally, spillover effects occur such that a breach by the host predicts psychological contract violation by the home organization, though not the reverse. These relationships are shaped by the expatriates’ organizational identification. Identification with the host buffers the direct effect between breach and violation by the host, while dual organizational identification mitigates the direct effect between breach and violation by the home organization. Identification with the home organization diminishes the spillover effect from host breach to home organization violation. The opposite, identification with the host, amplifies the spillover effect of host breach to home organization violation. By examining the distinct dynamics of home and host organization contract breach and violation, we develop theoretical implications for understanding PCs in multi-party work arrangements

One way or another? An international comparison of expatriate performance management in multinational companies

Due to the high costs and strategic importance of expatriate assignments, expatriate performance management (EPM) plays an increasingly important role for multinational enterprises (MNEs). However, research on EPM is still in its infancy. Drawing from the convergence/divergence debate in international human resource management, this study investigates and compares EPM strategies and practices across MNEs from three different country clusters to better understand whether EPM practices tend to converge, diverge, or crossverge (i.e., show aspects of both). Results from surveying 132 Anglo‐Saxon, Germanic, and Japanese MNEs reveal prominent differences (divergence) at the EPM strategic level such that Japanese MNEs tend to pursue more ethnocentric staffing strategies and design EPM systems specifically tailored to expatriates

Introduction: Language in Contact: Yesterday – Today – Tomorrow

The symposium Language in Contact; Yesterday–Today–Tomorrow took place June 21–23, 2017 and was organized by The Graduate School Language & Literature Munich - Class of Language. Scholars using interdisciplinary approaches were invited to Munich and conveyed both traditional and innovative insights into the vast field of language contact. This included both diachronic (Yesterday) and synchronic contributions (Today) as well as papers discussing the future of contact linguistics (Tomorrow). At the symposium, language contact was defined in a broad sense as the language that emerges when speakers of different languages influence one another’s speech; this brought together multiple areas of linguistic study ranging from language change and language policy to language acquisition and language processing. Key to the conference was connecting what we can learn from past instances of language contact that will help us understand language phenomena in present and future research

The Influence in Airforce Soldiers Through Wearing Certain Types of Army-Issue Footwear on Muscle Activity in the Lower Extremities

The objective of the study was to analyse the influence of the shape and material of the military footwear worn by soldiers on muscle activity in the lower extremities, and whether such footwear could explain specific strain complaints and traumatic lesions in the region of the lower extremities

‘I Find it Daunting . . . That I’m Gonna Have to Deal with This until 60’: Extended Working Lives and the Sustainable Employability of Operational Firefighters

While operational firefighters in the UK fire and rescue service traditionally retired in their 50s, their working lives are now extending. However, external pressures and the emotional and physical demands of firefighting work, lead to questions about whether operational firefighters will be able to extend their working lives. In this article, we engage with Van der Klink et al.’s sustainable employability model, which focuses on situations that allow individuals to make valuable contributions through their work and reveal how working lives can be extended. We consider implications of the characteristics of operational firefighting work, individual circumstances and contextual factors for the extension of working lives. Drawing on interviews conducted with firefighters, crew managers and watch managers working in a UK fire and rescue service, we highlight the unsustainability of many future working lives because of wellbeing and organisational pressures